
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.09, sd = 1.68)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.12, sd = 0.27)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity          & 1.079$^{***}$ & 1.067$^{***}$ & 1.026$^{***}$ & 1.216$^{***}$ & 0.087$^{***}$ & 0.085$^{***}$ & 0.075$^{***}$ & 0.121$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.152)       & (0.154)       & (0.204)       & (0.196)       & (0.014)       & (0.014)       & (0.015)       & (0.018)\\   
   Immigration                &               & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.112$^{***}$ & 0.025         &               & 0.019$^{**}$  & 0.025$^{***}$ & 0.013\\   
                              &               & (0.033)       & (0.032)       & (0.036)       &               & (0.009)       & (0.007)       & (0.011)\\   
   Population                 & 0.779$^{***}$ & 0.778$^{***}$ & 0.743$^{***}$ & 0.345$^{*}$   & 0.139$^{***}$ & 0.139$^{***}$ & 0.119$^{***}$ & 0.043\\   
                              & (0.099)       & (0.093)       & (0.094)       & (0.189)       & (0.020)       & (0.019)       & (0.017)       & (0.031)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.641$^{***}$ & 0.623$^{***}$ & 0.621$^{**}$  & 0.862$^{***}$ & 0.032$^{**}$  & 0.029$^{*}$   & 0.031$^{*}$   & 0.082$^{***}$\\   
                               & (0.194)       & (0.197)       & (0.234)       & (0.227)       & (0.016)       & (0.016)       & (0.017)       & (0.020)\\   
   Immigration                 &               & 0.099$^{**}$  & 0.118$^{**}$  & 0.058         &               & 0.020$^{*}$   & 0.026$^{***}$ & 0.017\\   
                               &               & (0.047)       & (0.045)       & (0.043)       &               & (0.010)       & (0.009)       & (0.011)\\   
   Predicted population        & 0.628$^{***}$ & 0.634$^{***}$ & 0.584$^{***}$ & -0.097        & 0.135$^{***}$ & 0.137$^{***}$ & 0.109$^{***}$ & -0.008\\   
                               & (0.136)       & (0.134)       & (0.151)       & (0.176)       & (0.026)       & (0.025)       & (0.024)       & (0.026)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.087$^{***}$ & 1.063$^{***}$ & 1.066$^{***}$ & 1.239$^{***}$ & 0.083$^{***}$ & 0.079$^{***}$ & 0.079$^{***}$ & 0.118$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.164)       & (0.168)       & (0.207)       & (0.207)       & (0.016)       & (0.016)       & (0.015)       & (0.019)\\   
   Immigration                           &               & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.110$^{***}$ & 0.030         &               & 0.019$^{**}$  & 0.025$^{***}$ & 0.014\\   
                                         &               & (0.033)       & (0.032)       & (0.037)       &               & (0.008)       & (0.006)       & (0.011)\\   
   Population                            & 0.800$^{***}$ & 0.807$^{***}$ & 0.736$^{***}$ & 0.239         & 0.168$^{***}$ & 0.169$^{***}$ & 0.127$^{***}$ & 0.026\\   
                                         & (0.120)       & (0.114)       & (0.104)       & (0.249)       & (0.026)       & (0.025)       & (0.020)       & (0.048)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 183; 287      & 180; 308      & 167; 158      & 124; 16       & 183; 287      & 180; 308      & 167; 158      & 124; 16\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.705$^{***}$     & 0.707$^{***}$     & 0.733$^{***}$     & 0.714$^{***}$     & -0.157$^{***}$ & -0.159$^{***}$ & -0.216$^{***}$ & -0.093$^{**}$ \\
                               & (0.071)           & (0.071)           & (0.070)           & (0.078)           & (0.033)        & (0.033)        & (0.041)        & (0.043)       \\
   Immigration                 &                   & -0.009            & 0.002             & 0.018$^{***}$     &                & 0.012          & 0.007          & 0.023         \\
                               &                   & (0.006)           & (0.006)           & (0.006)           &                & (0.021)        & (0.023)        & (0.017)       \\
   Predicted population        & -0.025            & -0.025            & -0.082$^{*}$      & -0.170$^{**}$     & 0.818$^{***}$  & 0.819$^{***}$  & 0.913$^{***}$  & 0.477$^{***}$ \\
                               & (0.042)           & (0.042)           & (0.041)           & (0.070)           & (0.062)        & (0.061)        & (0.085)        & (0.122)       \\
    \\
   County fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends    &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 19,236        & 19,236        & 19,236        & 19,236        & 19,236        & 19,236        & 19,236        & 19,236\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


